• Regional flood frequency analysis coalesces disparate site data into regional distributions and design criteria, integrating historical information, multivariate basin features, and network design considerations to generalize flood risk estimates across Britain and similar regions [1], [5], [6], [18], [19], [20].

• Statistical and stochastic modeling of floods centers on extreme value frameworks, robust regression, and probabilistic flood frequency schemes to handle data limitations and variability, combining two-component EVT, log-logistic fits, and stochastic flood processes [4], [8], [9], [10].

• Hydrodynamic and catchment-scale interactions between rivers and floodplains shape flood risks through concepts like flood pulses, bank-full discharge behavior, and main-channel–floodplain coupling, highlighting channel response as a control on flood magnitude and extent [2], [7], [15], [16], [17].

• Sedimentology and geomorphology inform flood risk by tracing sediment transport, depositional patterns, and morphodynamic change during floods, linking sediment research to river restoration and coastal flood processes across basins [3], [11], [12], [13], [14].

• Historical flood events and disaster geography provide empirical anchors for risk assessment and design, with case studies from the Mississippi, Lake Missoula, and Bangladesh floods, illustrating vulnerabilities, adaptation options, and the evolution of flood-risk thinking [7], [12], [13], [14].